Among the people of the society, the misery index can indicate the degree of difficulty that people Society experiences. Since this index somehow represents the economic situation of a country, economic decisions such as investment can be made based on it. The misery index is an economic indicator that is obtained from the sum of the inflation rate and the unemployment rate, and its increase means a decrease in social welfare and the spread of poverty. this research with using panel data and generalized method of moments estimated the interaction of institutions and globalization on the misery index in two groups of countries with per capita income above 25 thousand dollars and countries with per capita income below 25 thousand dollars during the period of 2008-2020. The estimation results show that the governance institutional index has a negative and significant effect on the misery index in both groups of selected countries. Based on this, a one percent improvement in the quality of governance will reduce the misery index 0.26 percent in countries with high per capita income and 0.14 percent in countries with low per capita income. Also, the globalization index has a negative and significant effect on the misery index in both groups of selected countries It means that a one percent increase in globalization reduces the misery index by 0.53 percent in high per capita income countries and 0.29 percent in low per capita income countries.

The misery index is known as one of the measures of economic well-being, and misery increasing index in a country means the deterioration of the economic and social welfare of the people of that country. Therefore, the worsening of the misery index, in adding to the economic effects, can bring many cultural and social consequences, so the identification and evaluation of macroeconomic factors affecting this index should be considered by planners and policy makers. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the misery index during the period of spring 2011 to summer 2023. In the present study, the framework of Shrestha and Bhatta (2018) and Fomby (1998), which helps a lot in choosing appropriate methods, has been used to analyze time series data. The results show that some variables are stationary and others are Cointegration of the first order, and based on the framework of Shrestha and Bhatta (2018), the Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Model should be estimated. The model estimation results show the positive effect of the uncertainty index on the misery index in the long term. Also, the effect of the exchange rate variables in the free market and the participation rate on the poverty index is positive, and the labor productivity variable has a negative effect on the poverty index. The results of this study can be used in such a way that in addition to the necessity of controlling exchange rate fluctuations, attention to the correct announcement of applied policies and the timely release of economic information that leads to the reduction of economic policy uncertainty can help to reduce the misery index.

Economic crime theory was introduced in economics, by Gary Becker. By applying, ARDL and also ECM models we have analyzed the short run and long run relationships between misery index and crime in Iran for 1974-2010 period. According to findings of this research, the misery index does have positive and significant relationship with crime in Iran in period of study. Also, testing the stability of coefficients indicates the meaningful stability for coefficients in question. Consequently, in order to lower the crime in Iran, policy makers should try to reduce the misery index.

Inflation imposes welfare costs through reduction of value of financial assets and it damages production by creating uncertainty in institutions’ decision for investment and imposing other costs. Inflation, in fact, leads to non-optimal resource allocation, economic inefficiency, and disarray in the social, cultural, and political condition of the society. Unemployment, like inflation, causes disarray in the society. Unemployed people appear as parasites in the society and play no part in production and social services. Moreover, unemployment causes people to be trapped in issues such as crime, addiction and moral corruption which leads to the disruption of the society’s cultural texture. Inflation and unemployment are two major social issues. The harmful effects of these two social issues are such that the “Misery Index” is often calculated as the sum of inflation and unemployment rates. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of financial markets on the misery index in a group of selected countries with average income in the 2003-2014 period. Results from model estimation by the method of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) show that: · The trade volume to transaction volume ratio in a stock market (as an indicator of the capital market) has no effect on the misery index in the group of selected countries.· Domestic credit to private sector by banks (as an indicator of the money market) has a negative and meaningful effect on misery index in the group of selected countries.

Today, banks, as the most important element of the money market, play a very important role in the country's economy, and considering the importance of bank profitability in different economic conditions and its impact on the economy and society, it is necessary for managers to have the necessary knowledge about the role of this bank. Factors influencing the profitability of this important part of the economy. The present study investigates the effect of the Misery index on the financial performance of banks. The statistical population in this research is all the banks admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period of 2014-2022. To analyze the research data, multivariable regression models and panel data method with fixed effects have been used. The dependent variable in this research is the financial performance of banks and the independent variable is the indicators of economic distress. Also, the secondary variables used in the present study are bank size, financial leverage, market value to book value and operating income growth. The economic misery index variable has a negative coefficient and a significance level of less than 5%, therefore, the research hypothesis is accepted at the confidence level of 95%. The adjusted coefficient of determination of the model also shows that 88% of the changes are explained by the variables entered in the model. The results of this research showed that the economic distress index has a negative effect on the financial performance of banks. In other words, in the era when the country has a higher economic misery index, the financial performance of banks is affected and decreases. Therefore, controlling inflation and unemployment due to the effect of these variables on most economic sectors should be considered one of the most important goals of the statesmen.

The sum of inflation and unemployment rates is called the misery index, and its escalation can be associated with many social and economic costs such as increased crime, reduced social security, and harm to the mental health of the society. The present study investigates the effect of knowledge-based economy components on the misery index in two groups of selected countries via the approach of panel data and generalized moment method at the level of pre-innovation-driven stage and innovation-driven stage for the period 2008-2018. The results showed the effect of all components of the knowledge-based economy (including economic incentives and institutional regime, innovation system, training and development of human resources and ICT infrastructure) with different estimated coefficients and at different levels of confidence was negative and significant on economic misery in both groups of selected countries. In addition, the effect of control variables, including population and abundance of natural resources, on the misery index in the pre-innovation-driven stage in the selected countries is positive and significant; yet it is not significant in the innovation-driven stage. Also, the effect of economic openness on the misery index in both groups of selected countries was negative and significant.

Crime has always been one of the major socio-economic challenges across societies, and identifying its underlying determinants is of vital importance for policymakers. The present study investigates the impact of the misery index and income inequality on crime rates across Iran’s provinces using the panel quantile regression approach over the period 2011–2022. This statistical method allows for analyzing the effects of explanatory variables across different levels of crime distribution. The findings reveal that the influence of income inequality and the misery index on crime is heterogeneous across quantiles, with their effects being more pronounced in the upper quantiles of the crime distribution. In other words, in provinces with lower crime rates, economic pressure—measured by the misery index—plays a significant role in increasing crime. This effect remains strongly positive and statistically significant in the highest quantiles as well, underscoring the reinforcing role of economic hardship in crime incidence. With respect to income inequality, except for an initial decline in the coefficient from the 10th to the 20th quantile, increasing inequality is associated with higher crime rates, with larger coefficients observed in higher quantiles. The results of slope equality tests confirm that the coefficients of the independent variables—particularly the Gini index—are heterogeneous across different parts of the crime distribution. Furthermore, the quantile symmetry test rejects the null hypothesis, indicating asymmetric behavior of coefficients across quantiles. Accordingly, in provinces with high crime rates, prioritizing economic and social support policies is essential. Moreover, targeted efforts to control unemployment and inflation, especially among vulnerable groups, are imperative

Crime is a phenomenon that exists in all societies and affects the useful functioning of different parts of a country. Also, Iranian society is not safe from the harms of this phenomenon. Given the destructive effects of crime in society, recognizing the factors affecting it makes it possible to fight it more effectively. For this purpose, this study has investigated the effect of misery index on the rate of theft in 30 provinces of the country during the years 2008-2018. In order to achieve this goal, the Panel generalized method of moment (GMM) has been used. The findings of this study have shown that the misery index has an increasing effect on the crime of theft. In other words, the misery index through the two channels of inflation and unemployment has destructive effects on peoplechr('39')s living standards and puts them on the path of committing crimes such as theft.

In recent decades, international sanctions have become a recurring feature in political interactions between some governments. The United States has imposed the most economic sanctions since World War II. Also, several actions have been taken by the United Nations in recent years. In this study, the effect of economic sanctions of the United Nations and the United States on the misery index during the years 1991-2020 has been investigated by using the generalized least squares (GLS) method. The results indicate that the United Nations and United States sanctions have a significant effect on the misery index. On average, the imposition of sanctions by the United Nations and the United States have increased the misery index of the target country by 8.12 and 6.49, respectively. Also, the positive and increasing effect caused by the application of comprehensive economic sanctions of the United Nations on the misery index is more than the sanctions of the United States. IntroductionBefore the First World War, the countries with high military and economic power used the only means available to implement their desired policies in the target countries through war. However, since 1914 during the First World War and more widely since 1990, the military powers replaced the lever of war with economic and political sanctions to advance their goals in different countries (Medlicot, 1952). In recent decades, international sanctions have become a recurring feature in political relations between some states. Difficulties caused by embargo can take different forms. Experts consider sanctions as economic tools that affect the economic interests of countries. According to what has been said, the innovation of this article is to examine the impact of economic sanctions of the United Nations and the United States on the misery index of the target countries, including Iran. Methodology and MethodsThe current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose. In this study, documentary methods will be used to identify variables and collect information, and statistical and econometric methods will be used for its analysis. The statistics and information needed for the research were extracted from the information available on the official website of the World Bank, the Federal Reserve Bank, the websites of the United States Congress and the United Nations website. In the present study, to evaluate the effects of the economic sanctions of the United Nations and the United States on the misery index of the sanctioned countries, the following model is estimated following the studies of Karimi et al.    Where Yi,t is the dependent variable, 𝑋i,t represents a vector of control variables including liquidity (broad money) (LIQ), capital stock (K), gross domestic product at constant US dollar prices (2010=100) (GDP) and the degree of trade openness (𝑇𝑂) is imports and exports divided by GDP , UNi,t is the independent variable of United Nations sanctions, USi,t is the independent variable of United States sanctions, 𝛼i is the  intercept, δt is the time effects on the constant term,  is the error term of the model. ConclusionThe results of the estimation showed that the effect of United Nations and United States sanctions on the misery index was positive and significant. UN sanctions with a coefficient of 8.12 and sanctions of the United States with a coefficient of 6.49 have been effective on the misery index. Also, according to the results of the study, proper liquidity management, reducing the economy's dependence on certain product income, reviewing business relations and moving and replacing business partners are among the solutions that can play an effective role in reducing the negative consequences of sanctions for the target countries. To solve each of the two problems of inflation and stagnation, special policies are used, and generally, the monetary policies used for inflationary conditions are opposite to the policies that can be used for stagnation, in such a way that in economic theories, in inflationary conditions, monetary contractionary policies are used in recessionary conditions. Monetary expansion and fiscal expansion policy are suggested. But in a situation where the increase in the misery index is caused by the simultaneous increase in inflation and unemployment, it is very difficult to choose and apply the right policy in such a way that the implementation of a monetary contraction policy will lead to stagnation and an expansionary monetary policy will also lead to inflation. Economic management has special requirements in the context of the intensification of sanctions.

The increasing trend of income inequality, high inflation and unemployment, and social injustice in various societies, especially in developing countries including Iran, have made reducing income inequality and equitable income distribution one of the most important goals of governments and economic policymakers. To make the right policies and control income inequality, it is necessary to identify the determinants of the inequality. In this study, the effect of misery index and corruption control on income inequality has been examined in Iran using quantile approach during the period 1996-2019. The results of quantile regression model estimation show that corruption control, economic freedom index and exchange rate have a significant, positive effect on income inequality while the misery index has a positive effect at the lower quantiles and a significant, negative effect on income inequality at the other quantiles. Also, using the bootstrap method estimation, the results of quantile regression estimation have been confirmed.